What is the first stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

The first stage of Kohlberg's moral development theory is characterized by a focus on obedience to authority and the consequences of actions, which is known as Obedience and Punishment Orientation. In this stage, typically observed in young children, morality is viewed in a very simplistic way — actions are considered 'right' if they lead to positive outcomes for the individual or if they avoid punishment.

Children at this stage are primarily motivated by the desire to avoid negative consequences and may not yet understand the complexities of morality or the reasons behind rules. As a result, their moral reasoning is centered around how their decisions will directly affect them, often leading to a black-and-white understanding of right and wrong.

The other choices represent later stages in Kohlberg's framework. Good Interpersonal Relationships reflect the importance of social approval and relationships; Maintaining Social Order encompasses upholding laws and social conventions; Social Contract and Individual Rights emphasize democratic ideals and the balancing of individual rights with social welfare. Each of these later stages involves more complex reasoning and a broader understanding of morality beyond mere obedience.